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Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) the Trojan horse in your herd
Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious viral disease that can spread unnoticed, like a silent intruder, in the herd - with serious consequences. Even more problematic, the virus can cover as the Trojan horse in your herd disguised as a calf, looking healthy but being a secret spread of the virus as a persistently infected (PI).
Infections with BVD can have a major economic impact; however, this does not need to happen. With preventive measures, strong hygiene, and the right help, you can keep your herd healthy.
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What causes Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)?
Bovine Viral Diarrhea is caused by the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), a highly contagious pathogen belonging to the Pestivirus family. While BVDV is a reportable animal disease due to its impact on livestock, it poses no risk to human health.
The virus primarily exists in two distinct strains: BVDV-1, which is the most widespread and typically results in milder symptoms, and BVDV-2, which is less common but often leads to far more severe clinical outbreaks. Understanding which strain is present is key to managing its impact.
How does bovine viral diarrhea spread in cows?
BVD is highly contagious and spreads through both direct contact and contaminated environments. Transmission primarily occurs through three main pathways:
- Persistently Infected (PI) animals: Calves infected in the womb become lifelong "PI" spreaders. Though they often look healthy, they shed massive amounts of the virus continuously.
- Direct transmission: Healthy cows contract the virus through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, including oral, nasal, genital, or eye secretions.
- Indirect transmission: The virus can easily hitch a ride on clothing, boots, shared equipment, or vehicles brought in by visitors.
While Transiently Infected (TI) cows only shed small amounts of the virus temporarily before recovering, PI animals remain a constant, high-volume source of infection for the entire herd.
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What are the symptoms of bovine viral diarrhea in cows?
BVD can be difficult to spot, as some cattle show no symptoms at all. In cases of symptoms, these can differ depending on the age and immune status. Calves may initially appear vital and healthy, however can already be infected.There is a difference between early-stage signs (1-5) and advanced signs (6-8).
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- Fever
- Diarrhea
- Reduction in feed intake
- Slight cough and/or runny nose
- Declining milk yield
- Miscarriages or infertility
- Weak or stillborn calves
- Changes in the mucous membrane of the mouth
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How to protect cows from infection with BVD?
Because bovine viral diarrhea is highly contagious, an outbreak can have serious consequences for your cows and your business. The virus weakens the immune system, decreases fertility, and in severe cases, can be fatal. Preventing infection is therefore essential. By implementing the right management measures, such as strict hygiene protocols, proper separation of animal groups, and regular health checks, you can effectively reduce the risk of BVD spreading on your farm.
Steps to prevent bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) on your cattle farm
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Introduce a color-coding system
Prevent the spread of BVD by not using the same materials for all age groups. By introducing a color-coding system, you can ensure that tools and clothing are used exclusively for one specific animal group. This helps prevent the transmission of the virus between groups.:format(webp))
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Separate different animal groups
Protect your calves. Animals that are persistently infected can transmit the virus to newborn calves. Also ensure there is no contact with pregnant cattle or between calves to reduce the risk of infection. Furthermore, introduce compartmentalization and organize your workflow to begin with young cows and end with older ones. Keep sick animals separate from the rest.:format(webp))
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